Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

In the previous two posts, we have talked about the number of NMR signals and the multiplicity which is the signal splitting based on the n + 1 rule.  Let’s quickly summarize what these two features are.  First, the number … Read more

NMR signals may have different number of peaks (the number of lines). This is called the splitting of the signal or the multiplicity. Signal splitting is arguably the most unique and important feature that makes NMR spectroscopy a comprehensive tool … Read more

At times, solving an NMR problem leads to two or more plausible structures satisfying the given data. We have seen that 13C NMR is usually decoupled and therefore, there is no splitting of signals which limits the information we can … Read more

Let’s start with the good news! Unlike the 1H NMR, there is no integration and signal splitting in 13C NMR spectroscopy. We are only looking at the number of signals that each non-equivalent carbon atom gives as a single peak! … Read more

The integration in NMR tells us the number of protons represented by a given signal. To be more accurate, let’s mention that it is the ratio of the protons behind each signal. For example, we have seen that chloroethane gives … Read more

The number of NMR signals represents the number of different types of protons in a molecule. This is the example we used in the introduction to NMR spectroscopy:     The spectrum has five signals which indicates five types of … Read more

We have seen that chemically equivalent protons give one signal in NMR spectroscopy. For example, How many signals do you expect to see in the 1H NMR of ethane? Despite having 6 hydrogens, it only shows one signal, and this … Read more

In the previous post, we talked about the principles behind the chemical shift addressing questions like how the ppm values are calculated, why they are independent of the magnetic field strength, and what is the benefit of using a more … Read more