The amine functional group is one of the most common and important nitrogen-containing groups in organic chemistry. Amines are derivatives of ammonia (NH₃), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. Amines play central … Read more
The amide functional group is an important carbonyl-containing group in organic chemistry. Amides are widely found in proteins, peptides, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic polymers, and they play key roles in condensation, hydrolysis, and acylation reactions. Since amides contain a … Read more
The ester functional group is another common and important carbonyl-containing group in organic chemistry. Esters are widely found in fragrances, flavorings, fats, oils, and biological molecules, and they play key roles in condensation and hydrolysis reactions. Since esters … Read more
The ketone functional group is another common and reactive carbonyl-containing group in organic chemistry. Like aldehydes, ketones play a central role in nucleophilic addition reactions, oxidation-reduction processes, and are widely found in both biological molecules and industrial compounds. Since ketones … Read more
The aldehyde functional group is one of the most common and reactive carbonyl-containing groups in organic chemistry. It plays a central role in oxidation-reduction reactions, nucleophilic additions, and many biological pathways. It is a carbonyl-containing group, so for starters, recall … Read more
The presence of a lone pair on an atom sometimes brings an exception to the shortcut for determining its hybridization.Recall that for a quick and accurate way of determining the hybridization, we count the steric number of the atom – … Read more
Carbon is positively charged when, instead of the preferred four bonds, it has three bonds. Remember, from the bonding patterns in organic chemistry, carbon prefers to have four bonds and no lone pairs. These bonds can be any combination of … Read more
You have already learned that carbon likes to have four bonds as it fulfils the octet without the “need for thinking” about lone pairs or formal charges. So, that is the very beginning of bonding patterns in organic chemistry – … Read more
You have mastered the concept of resonance structures, can draw valid resonance transformations, and now all you hear is “that is a significant resonance structure” or “that is not a significant resonance structure.”So, what are significant and non-significant resonance structures? … Read more
Resonance structures are different Lewis structures of the same molecule, which means they represent the same molecule/ion with different electron distributions. To keep all the atoms in place but move electrons around, the molecule must have a pi (π) bond. … Read more
