So far, we’ve seen a variety of nucleophiles in organic chemistry – halides, hydroxides, alkoxides, thiols, etc. Most of these nucleophiles contain heteroatoms like oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, but nucleophiles can also be carbon-based, and these are among the most … Read more
The main Organic Chemistry 1 chapters in most US curricula go up to the reactions of alcohols. So, this summary will include synthesis practice problems on Alkenes, Alkynes, and Alcohols. If you need to practice SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 … Read more
Have you seen your professor talking about BH₃ and H₂O₂ and not quite understood what it is and when to use it?Ok, so, keeping it simple, we use BH₃ together with a peroxide to place an OH group on the … Read more
Both alkynes and alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, and this unsaturation is the result of having a π bond in the molecule. One π bond is one degree of unsaturation, as the molecule can add one hydrogen molecule, and two π … Read more
This content is for registered users only. Click here to Register! By joining Chemistry Steps, you will gain instant access to the answers and solutions for all the Practice Problems, including over 40 hours of problem-solving videos, Multiple-Choice Quizzes, Puzzles, Reaction … Read more
Acetylide ions are the conjugate bases of terminal alkynes: What makes them different from the conjugate bases of alkanes and alkenes is that they are easier to prepare and use in other reactions. The reason for this is … Read more
The dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides gives alkenes. For example, we can react alkyl halides with strong bulky and non-bulky bases to prepare the Zaitsev or Hofmann alkene: Preparation of Alkynes As the name suggests, in these dehydration reactions, … Read more
We know that the hydrohalogenation of alkynes produces a vinyl halide which is an alkene that is converted into a geminal dihalide upon the second electrophilic addition of HX: So, how can we convert the alkyne into an alkyl halide? … Read more
Alkynes and nitriles are structurally similar, so let’s discuss how we can replace one of the carbons in the alkyne with a nitrogen: When one of the carbons is replaced, the carbon chain will be shortened by one. … Read more
When alkynes are reacted with water, aldehydes and ketones are formed. While internal alkynes can only be converted to ketones by acid-catalyzed hydration or oxymercuration-demercuration, terminal alkynes can also be converted to aldehydes via anti-Markovnikov addition of hydroboration-oxidation: … Read more
