Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids with a variety of oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, sodium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and sodium hypochlorite. Here is the summary of oxidizing agents we discussed in … Read more
The alkylation of ketones is achieved through enolate intermediates, which are formed by deprotonating the alpha position (the carbon next to the carbonyl group): If you are still in the chapter on aldehydes and ketones, this may look … Read more
The addition of cyanide ion to the carbonyl group is another common reaction of aldehydes and ketones. The product of these reactions is a cyanohydrin. It works in a slightly basic conditions since the HNC itself does not dissociate much … Read more
Let’s talk about the Wittig reaction, which is used for converting aldehydes and ketones to alkenes: So, this is, in a way, the reverse reaction of the alkene ozonolysis, where the C=C bonds were cleaved to form carbonyl … Read more
Imines and enamines can be hydrolyzed to aldehydes and ketones in acidic conditions: Remember, the reactions of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols and amines are all reversible, and therefore, the products of these reactions – acetals, imines, and … Read more
We have learned that the reactions of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols and amines result in the formation of acetals, imines, and enamines, depending on the structure of the amine: These reactions are reversible, and one application of … Read more
The reaction of aldehydes and ketones with secondary amines produces enamines. Enamines are amines with a double bond on the adjacent carbon (alkene + amine = enamine): Let’s go over the mechanism of this transformation to see how … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones react with primary amines, in mildly acidic conditions, forming an imine (a Schiff base). The reaction with secondary amines produces enamines: Just like the reaction with water and alcohols, this is also an addition reaction … Read more
Alcohols can be prepared from carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, acid chlorides, and even carboxylic acids by hydride reductions. These reductions are a result of a net addition of two hydrogen atoms to the C=O bond: … Read more
In the previous post, we discussed the principle and mechanism of the Wittig reaction. Go over those if you need to, and in the following practice problem, we will work on proposing a synthesis for Wittig reagents as well as … Read more
