We discussed the mechanisms for the hydrolysis of acetals, imines, and enamine to aldehydes and ketones in the previous posts: Acetal Hydrolysis Mechanism Imine and Enamine Hydrolysis Mechanism So, here is a set of practice problems you can work on … Read more
In the previous two posts, we have seen that aldehydes and ketones react with primary amines, in mildly acidic conditions, forming an imine (a Schiff base). The reaction with secondary amines produces enamines: Below are a few practice exmmples of these reactions :
Acetals are the protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. They can be used, for example, when a selective reduction of an ester is needed in the presence of an aldehyde or a ketone: Remember, aldehydes are more reactive … Read more
The addition-elimination mechanism represents certain types of substitutions where the replacement of the leaving group is achieved in two consecutive steps – addition, and elimination. The most common example is the acyl substitution where one group connected to the carbonyl … Read more
In this chapter on aldehydes and ketones, we are going to see a new type of reaction – the nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl (C=O) bond: The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group occurs as a result of … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by a variety of methods. All of these and the corresponding mechanisms have already been covered previously, so if you need more details about the given reaction, just follow the link to open it … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones have higher priority than all the other functional groups we covered so far. Therefore, they define the parent chain and give the corresponding suffix. All the other groups standing below in the functional group priority table are … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols under acidic conditions to form acetals. Acetals are tetrahedral compounds where two alkoxy (OR) groups are bonded to the central carbon atom. The mechanism of the reaction is similar to what we … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones react with water in the presence of an acid or a base, forming a Hydrate – Geminal Diol: The addition of water to most aldehydes and ketones is unfavorable, and the equilibrium is shifted mainly … Read more
In the previous post, we discussed the reduction of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, and acid chlorides, covering the appropriate reducing agents, the step-by-step mechanisms, and key concepts involved in these transformations. This post serves as a … Read more
