Remember, earlier, we discussed the Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction, which is used for preparing aryl ketones by reacting aromatic compounds with an acyl halide in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. Now, here is a question: how can … Read more
In this post, we will talk about the synthesis of amides using DCC and EDC coupling agents. Before getting into the details, let’s first discuss a couple of strategies for preparing amides without using any fancy coupling agent. First, considering … Read more
In the following practice problems, the reactions and different ways of preparing amines will be discussed. Keep in mind that aside from the reactions specifically related to amines, such as the Gabriel amine synthesis, there are transformations that will require … Read more
In the previous post, we talked about the alpha halogenation of aldehydes and ketones and its application in organic synthesis. So, if you have already gone over this material, go ahead and work on these practice problems. The second part … Read more
Acyl chlorides, being the most reactive among carboxylic acid derivatives, undergo a wide variety of nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions. A quick reminder, in a nucleophilic acyl substitution, the leaving group is replaced by a nucleophile by the addition-elimination mechanism: … Read more
Acyl chlorides can be prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride (SOCl2), phosphorous trichloride (PCl3) or phosphorous pentachloride (PCl5): In the bases of this transformation is the conversion of the OH group into a good leaving. For … Read more
In this chapter on aldehydes and ketones, we are going to see a new type of reaction – the nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl (C=O) bond: The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group occurs as a result of … Read more
In the previous post, we learned about the Friedel–Crafts alkylation and discussed its mechanism and limitations. In Friedel–Crafts acylation, aromatic compounds are reacted with an acyl halide to prepare an aryl ketone: The electrophile in this reaction is … Read more
