Introduction to Lactams Lactams are cyclic amides, and they are classified according to the size of the ring containing the amide group. The naming uses Greek letters that indicate how many carbon atoms lie between the nitrogen and the carbonyl … Read more
Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and as an adjunct in major depressive disorder. It works by modulating neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine and serotonin receptors. Structurally, quetiapine contains a dibenzothiazepine core connected to … Read more
In Knoevenagel condensation, we take a molecule where a methylene (CH2) is connected to (preferably) two electron-withdrawing groups, so we can deprotonate it and react with an aldehyde or a ketone. This allows the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond … Read more
Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the thiazolidinedione class and works by improving insulin sensitivity, helping to regulate blood glucose levels. Structurally, pioglitazone contains a thiazolidinedione core attached to an … Read more
Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, which is a common, often asymptomatic condition characterized by high levels of lipids (cholesterol/triglycerides) in the blood, which can lead to plaque buildup in arteries. Structurally, it is … Read more
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid widely used for pain management and anesthesia. Structurally, it is a phenylpiperidine derivative, featuring a substituted aniline ring, a piperidine heterocycle, and an amide linkage connecting the key fragments. Its biological activity arises from … Read more
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic widely used in anesthesia and, more recently, in the treatment of depression. It belongs to a class of compounds characterized by an arylcyclohexanone framework, consisting of a substituted phenyl ring attached to a cyclohexanone ring … Read more
Hydroxyzine is a first-generation antihistamine widely used in the treatment of anxiety, nausea, and allergic conditions. It belongs to a class of drugs characterized by a piperazine ring connected to a substituted phenyl group and a hydroxyethyl side chain. Hydroxyzine … Read more
Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism spectrum disorder. It belongs to a class of drugs known as second-generation antipsychotics, which act primarily by modulating dopamine (D₂) … Read more
Primidone is an anticonvulsant (antiepileptic) medication used primarily to treat seizure disorders, including generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures. Chemically, it is a barbiturate-related compound (a deoxybarbiturate), meaning it is structurally similar to barbiturates but has a slightly different pharmacological profile. … Read more
