We have learned that alcohols are versatile reactive species because they act both as nucleophiles and electrophiles. When they are used as electrophiles, the OH group is substituted with a nucleophile, and for this to happen, we need to first … Read more
PCl₅ is one of several reagents we have seen that are used for converting alcohols to alkyl halides: Notice that in the case of chiral secondary alcohols, there is inversion of configuration, which indicates that substitution at the … Read more
Introduction to Lactams Lactams are cyclic amides, and they are classified according to the size of the ring containing the amide group. The naming uses Greek letters that indicate how many carbon atoms lie between the nitrogen and the carbonyl … Read more
Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, which is a common, often asymptomatic condition characterized by high levels of lipids (cholesterol/triglycerides) in the blood, which can lead to plaque buildup in arteries. Structurally, it is … Read more
In the previous post, we discussed different methods for converting alcohols to alkyl halides, including their reaction with hydrohalic acids, the use of mesylates and tosylates, as well as reagents such as thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and phosphorus tribromide (PBr3). … Read more
We have seen a number of important transformations of nitriles, including their conversion to aldehydes and ketones. In today’s post, let’s discuss the reverse transformation, that is, how to convert an aldehyde into a nitrile. Unlike some functional … Read more
We have seen some important transformations of carboxylic acid derivatives, including the hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. So, one question you may encounter on homework assignments is the reverse conversion, that is, going from … Read more
Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and related conditions. Structurally, it is a substituted tetralin derivative, featuring a fused bicyclic aromatic system, a dichlorinated phenyl ring, and a secondary … Read more
Loperamide is an antidiarrheal medication best known under the brand name Imodium. It works by activating μ-opioid receptors in the intestinal tract, which slows down gut movement and reduces the frequency of bowel movements. Unlike other opioids, Loperamide does not … Read more
Prozac (Fluoxetine) is a widely used antidepressant belonging to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It increases serotonin levels in the brain by inhibiting its reabsorption, which helps improve mood and treat depression, anxiety disorders, and OCD. … Read more
