Introduction to Lactams Lactams are cyclic amides, and they are classified according to the size of the ring containing the amide group. The naming uses Greek letters that indicate how many carbon atoms lie between the nitrogen and the carbonyl … Read more
Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, which is a common, often asymptomatic condition characterized by high levels of lipids (cholesterol/triglycerides) in the blood, which can lead to plaque buildup in arteries. Structurally, it is … Read more
In the previous post, we discussed different methods for converting alcohols to alkyl halides, including their reaction with hydrohalic acids, the use of mesylates and tosylates, as well as reagents such as thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and phosphorus tribromide (PBr3). … Read more
We have seen a number of important transformations of nitriles, including their conversion to aldehydes and ketones. In today’s post, let’s discuss the reverse transformation, that is, how to convert an aldehyde into a nitrile. Unlike some functional … Read more
We have seen some important transformations of carboxylic acid derivatives, including the hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. So, one question you may encounter on homework assignments is the reverse conversion, that is, going from … Read more
Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and related conditions. Structurally, it is a substituted tetralin derivative, featuring a fused bicyclic aromatic system, a dichlorinated phenyl ring, and a secondary … Read more
Loperamide is an antidiarrheal medication best known under the brand name Imodium. It works by activating μ-opioid receptors in the intestinal tract, which slows down gut movement and reduces the frequency of bowel movements. Unlike other opioids, Loperamide does not … Read more
Prozac (Fluoxetine) is a widely used antidepressant belonging to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It increases serotonin levels in the brain by inhibiting its reabsorption, which helps improve mood and treat depression, anxiety disorders, and OCD. … Read more
In this post, we will discuss and show the mechanisms of some important reactions of lactones and lactams, such as their preparation, acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis, and reduction by LiAlH4. We will also go over the Grignard reaction of lactones. … Read more
Let’s look at this conversion through the eyes of a student new to organic chemistry: amides are almost like amines, except they contain a carbonyl (C=O) group attached to the nitrogen.So, how can we add a carbonyl to the nitrogen? … Read more
