We have seen earlier in the chapter on alcohols that the carbonyl group can be reduced to an alcohol by different methods, such as using LiAlH4, NaBH4, or even catalytic hydrogenation. Now, very often in synthesis problems, we … Read more
You may have noticed that we use lots of reduction reactions, such as those of carbonyls, such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, nitro groups, nitriles, etc., and we do not bother about the benzene ring that appears in the same molecule: … Read more
We have seen in the reduction of alkynes that sodium metal dissolved in ammonia is a source of electrons, and these electrons can be used to reduce the triple bond to a trans alkene: The same principles apply … Read more
We have seen how aryl ketones are prepared by the Friedel-Crafts acylation when benzene or other aromatic compound derivatives are reacted with acid chlorides in the presence of Lewis acids such as AlCl3. Now, when highly activated benzene … Read more
We have seen that in the Diels-Alder reaction, the electrons flow in a cyclic, concerted manner. Therefore, the Diels-Alder reaction is classified as a pericyclic reaction, a class of reactions that proceed through a cyclic transition state with no intermediates. … Read more
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid widely used for pain management and anesthesia. Structurally, it is a phenylpiperidine derivative, featuring a substituted aniline ring, a piperidine heterocycle, and an amide linkage connecting the key fragments. Its biological activity arises from … Read more
Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and related conditions. Structurally, it is a substituted tetralin derivative, featuring a fused bicyclic aromatic system, a dichlorinated phenyl ring, and a secondary … Read more
Albuterol is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist widely used in the treatment of asthma and other conditions involving bronchospasm. Structurally, it is a substituted phenethylamine derivative, featuring a resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) ring, a β-hydroxylated side chain, and a tert-butyl-substituted amine. Its … Read more
Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) widely used in the treatment and prevention of estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. Structurally, it is a triphenylethylene derivative, consisting of a substituted alkene framework connecting three aromatic rings, along with a basic side chain. … Read more
Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication widely used to prevent and treat blood clots, including conditions such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Chemically, it is a coumarin derivative, featuring a 4-hydroxycoumarin core linked to a substituted side chain. Its … Read more
