When learning about ortho, meta, and para substitution in electrophilic aromatic substitution, we have seen that the para position is generally preferred, especially when the activating group is bulky. For example, we can see how the ratio in favor of … Read more
The Gattermann reaction is a method for preparing aromatic aldehydes from activated aromatic compounds using hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl3 and ZnCl₂: To understand how … Read more
The Gattermann–Koch reaction is a method for preparing aromatic aldehydes by reacting benzene and its derivatives with carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the presence of a strong acid and a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl₃. … Read more
We have seen earlier in the chapter on alcohols that the carbonyl group can be reduced to an alcohol by different methods, such as using LiAlH4, NaBH4, or even catalytic hydrogenation. Now, very often in synthesis problems, we … Read more
You may have noticed that we use lots of reduction reactions, such as those of carbonyls, such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, nitro groups, nitriles, etc., and we do not bother about the benzene ring that appears in the same molecule: … Read more
We have seen in the reduction of alkynes that sodium metal dissolved in ammonia is a source of electrons, and these electrons can be used to reduce the triple bond to a trans alkene: The same principles apply … Read more
We have seen how aryl ketones are prepared by the Friedel-Crafts acylation when benzene or other aromatic compound derivatives are reacted with acid chlorides in the presence of Lewis acids such as AlCl3. Now, when highly activated benzene … Read more
We have seen that in the Diels-Alder reaction, the electrons flow in a cyclic, concerted manner. Therefore, the Diels-Alder reaction is classified as a pericyclic reaction, a class of reactions that proceed through a cyclic transition state with no intermediates. … Read more
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid widely used for pain management and anesthesia. Structurally, it is a phenylpiperidine derivative, featuring a substituted aniline ring, a piperidine heterocycle, and an amide linkage connecting the key fragments. Its biological activity arises from … Read more
Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and related conditions. Structurally, it is a substituted tetralin derivative, featuring a fused bicyclic aromatic system, a dichlorinated phenyl ring, and a secondary … Read more
