We’ve been covering the key reactions and mechanisms of aldehydes and ketones, how they react with water to form hydrates, with alcohols to give hemiacetals and acetals, with amines to form imines and enamines, and with Grignard and other nucleophiles … Read more
Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group In this chapter on aldehydes and ketones, we begin to see a new type of mechanism originating from the polar nature of the C=O carbonyl bond. When we say “different,” that is mainly compared … Read more
In this article, we will summarize and compare the reactions of Grignard (RMgX), Gilman (R2CuLi), and organolithium (RLi) reagents. Let’s first see what unites and makes their properties similar or at least creates a pattern for us to predict the … Read more
This content is for registered users only. Click here to Register! By joining Chemistry Steps, you will gain instant access to the answers and solutions for all the Practice Problems, including over 40 hours of problem-solving videos, Multiple-Choice Quizzes, Puzzles, Reaction … Read more
This content is for registered users only. Click here to Register! By joining Chemistry Steps, you will gain instant access to the answers and solutions for all the Practice Problems, including over 40 hours of problem-solving videos, Multiple-Choice Quizzes, Puzzles, Reaction … Read more
Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, and the carbon here is in a relatively high oxidation state: Notice that the oxidation state of the carbon decreases with the number of hydrogens connected to it. On the contrary, the … Read more
Reductive amination is used for preparing amines from aldehydes and ketones. All we need is to mix an amine with an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) at lower pH levels: So, how does … Read more
We learned in general chemistry that the oxidation state is determined based on the number of bonds connecting elements with different electronegativities. Very often, though, we didn’t need/bother to look at the number of bonds, but simply used a formula … Read more
The carbonyl group in aldoses and ketoses can be reduced by NaBH4 to a 1o and 2o alcohol, respectively. The product of this reaction is a polyalcohol called an alditol. The reduction of the ketones creates a new … Read more
Carbohydrates, also known as sugars and starches, are one of the most important classes of compounds found in nature. Listing only a few examples would include the energy produced in our bodies by breaking down sugars, which are used in … Read more
